Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: A review
نویسندگان
چکیده
Jamieson, R.C., Gordon, R.J., Sharples, K.E., Stratton, G.W. and Madani, A. 2002. Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: A review. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le génie des biosystèmes au Canada 44:1.1-1.9. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in public and private water systems has emerged in the past year as a priority water quality issue. Livestock agriculture is considered one of the primary causes of bacterial contamination of surface and ground waters. The application of animal manures to tile drained land, and the subsequent transport of pathogens with subsurface drainage water to surface water systems, has been identified as a major pathogen transport pathway. The objective of this review is to summarize the information that has been produced with respect to the survival of fecal bacteria in soil waste systems and their transport to tile drainage water. Factors influencing fecal bacteria survival include moisture, soil type, temperature, pH, manure application rate, nutrient availability, and competition. Cool, moist environments are considered optimal for bacterial survival. Field scale transport studies have shown significant transport of bacteria to tile drains under common manure management practices. Results from column and field studies suggest that the transport of bacteria through undisturbed soils is primarily controlled by macropore flow phenomena. Manure management strategies intended to reduce bacterial transport to tile drains, such as deep tillage, may conflict with other environmental management concerns. Further research is required to: (i) assess the effects of alternate cultivation practices on bacterial transport, (ii) verify that enteric pathogens behave similar to indicator organisms, and (iii) evaluate the effects of manure pre-application treatment methods, such as long-term storage and composting, on bacterial survival. La présence de bactéries pathogènes dans les systèmes d’aqueducs privés ou publics est devenue une priorité du débat actuel sur la qualité de l’eau. On considère que la production animale est une des principales causes de contamination bactériologique des eaux de surface et souterraines. On a observé que les pathogènes migraient vers les eaux de surface principalement après l’application de déjection animales sur des sols drainés. L’objectif de cette revue de littérature est de présenter un résumé de l’information qui existe sur la survie des bactéries fécales dans les sols et leur migration vers les drains. Les facteurs qui influencent la survie des bactéries fécales incluent l’humidité, le type de sol, la température, le pH, le taux d’application du fumier, la disponibilité des éléments nutritifs et la compétition. Dans des conditions fraîches et humides, la survie des bactéries est optimales. Lors d’études à l’échelle du champ où des pratiques d’épandage conventionnelles étaient utilisées, on a observé une migration significative des bactéries vers les drains. Les résultats d’études dans des colonnes de sol et au champ suggèrent que dans les sols qui n’ont pas été travaillés, la migration des bactéries est principalement contrôlée par le mouvement de l’eau dans les macropores. Certaines stratégies de gestion des fumiers comme le labour profond, dont l’objectif est de réduire la migration des bactéries vers les drains, peuvent entrer en conflit avec d’autres préoccupations environnementales. Les besoins de recherche identifiés sont: (i) de déterminer les impacts de pratiques culturales alternatives sur la migration des bactéries; (ii) de vérifier que les pathogènes entériques se comportent de la même façon que les organismes indicateurs; (iii) d’évaluer les impacts de pré-traitements du fumier, comme l’entreposage à long terme ou le compostage, sur la survie des bactéries.
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تاریخ انتشار 2002